SELECT T.row_id, X.Category
FROM #t T
CROSS APPLY OPENJSON(Categories) WITH ([Category] nvarchar(50) '$.name') X;
which can then be rolled up again with something like:
SELECT T.row_id, STRING_AGG(X.Category, ',') AS Categories
FROM #t T
CROSS APPLY OPENJSON(Categories) WITH ([Category] nvarchar(50) '$.name') X
GROUP BY T.row_id;