Installing SQL Server 2014 yields Unauthorized Operation

We were experiencing trouble installing SQL Server 2014 onto a Windows 2012 R2 VM. These are new production boxes so I was being very careful. The problem manifest itself in two ways:


This is a companion discussion topic for the original entry at http://billg.sqlteam.com/2015/12/10/installing-sql-server-2014-yields-unauthorized-operation/