I don't have all the answers but I may have a few.
There's a SEQUENCE object in SQL Server that may do some of what you want. But I don't think that's the right solution.
Here's an article from the site on building a custom sequence generator: http://www.sqlteam.com/article/custom-auto-generated-sequences-with-sql-server. That has some clever stuff in it.
I'm guessing your thinking of some type of table to hold the various sequences and next values. I would think that could be easily accomplished if you can get one working. Just store the various components of them and then have a computed column which is the last value generated or some such. A simple UPDATE statement gives the next value.